Nagas will never be part of Indian Union nor will they accept India’s constitution: NSCN’s Thuingaleng Muivah

In an interview that is likely to upset and even annoy the government and starkly reveals the sharp differences that are still separating the National Socialist Council of Nagalim from the Indian government, the General Secretary of the NSCN has repeatedly and forcefully said that the Nagas will never be part of the Indian Union nor will they accept India’s constitution. Thuingaleng Muivah added that there could be no compromise on the NSCN’s insistence on a Naga flag and Naga constitution. “We have stood our ground on these two non-negotiable issues and we shall continue to stand till the last man standing”, he said. Mr. Muivah added that Naga organizations like the Naga National Political Groups or several civil society organizations, who are not insisting on a separate flag and constitution, are “traitors”.

In a 55-minute interview to Karan Thapar for The Wire, Mr. Muivah, who is 86 and hard of hearing, also sharply criticised R. N. Ravi, the interlocutor and Nagaland Governor. He says Mr. Ravi has “betrayed” the NSCN. He said “he has thrown us away”. He says Mr. Ravi was acting at the behest of the Home Ministry.

Clearly indicating that the NSCN’s patience is running out Mr. Muivah told The Wire that if the government does not agree to the NSCN’s terms or backs away from earlier understandings they would be “compelled to leave the talks”. However, despite repeated questioning, Mr. Muivah refused to say how much more time he was prepared to give the talks. He also repeatedly refused to answer the question whether the NSCN would take to arms if it walked out of the talks thus returning the situation in Nagaland to what prevailed before the 1997 ceasefire.

At one point when he was asked whether the insurgency would re-start if the talks collapse, his answer was “you need to ask that to the Indian government”.

It is clear from The Wire interview that the starting point of Mr. Muivah’s arguments is the fact that he believes the Nagas have a unique history and identity. He said that historically the Nagas have never been under Indian rule. He repeatedly said this has been accepted by the Indian government. Therefore, he argued, if the Nagas have a unique identity and history the solution must also be unique.

Asked specifically whether the government’s refusal to agree to a separate Naga flag and constitution would be a breaking point he said “there can be no solution without a flag and constitution”. He dismissed the argument that after the government had revoked Article 370 and done away with Kashmir’s flag and constitution it cannot now accept this in the case of Nagaland. He said the unique Naga history and identity not only means that the solution has to be unique but also that the Jammu and Kashmir precedent cannot apply.

When it was pointed out to Mr. Muivah that groups like Naga National Political Groups and civil society organizations are not insisting on a flag and constitution he dismissed them as “traitors”.

Speaking to The Wire about the fact that the Framework Agreement of August 2015, signed by the NSCN and the Government of India, talks of “sharing the sovereign power”, Mr. Muivah emphatically and repeatedly said that this does not mean that the Nagas will accept and come under the Indian constitution. Their unique history and identity means that they have to have their own constitution. He also said repeatedly and emphatically that the Nagas would never be part of the Indian Union.

In The Wire interview Mr. Muivah repeatedly spoke of the Nagas and the Government of India as two entities. At one point he even spoke of them as two separate nations. He said they could share sovereignty with each other and added that during the last 23 years of talks the two have come close to each other but they still remain separate entities. He emphatically stood by the line he took on August 14, 2019, a date the NSCN regards as Naga Independence Day, that Nagas “will not merge with India”.

Speaking to The Wire about the NSCN’s insistence that all Naga inhabited areas outside the present boundaries of Nagaland must integrate with Nagaland to create what the NSCN calls Nagalim, Mr. Muivah said that this remained an important part of the NSCN’s position. He said that Mr. Ravi’s proposed Pan Naga Hoho, a cultural body with no political role or executive authority, and Naga Regional Territorial Councils, under the Sixth Schedule of the constitution, for Naga inhabited areas of Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh, is acceptable as a transition and as a first step. However, the goal remains the integration of all Naga areas in Nagalim.

He also said that Mr. Ravi has accepted that this is only a transitional measure and added that Mr. Ravi has accepted that all Naga areas must be integrated.

What seems clear is that on this issue of integrating Naga-inhabited areas, the NSCN is prepared to give the government time to implement it fully provided the government accepts the principle of doing so. This is a reiteration of what Mr. Muivah told the BBC programme HARDtalk India in an interview in April 2005.

Mr. Muivah spoke particularly strongly and passionately when he spoke of his loss of trust in Mr. Ravi. He said Mr. Ravi had “betrayed” them. He said he’s “thrown us away”. He said Mr. Ravi “is there to suppress the Nagas” and is acting at the behest of the Home Ministry.

Confirming to The Wire that he wrote to the Prime Minister in February insisting that hereafter the talks should happen at the “highest” level, “without pre-condition and outside India in a third country”, Mr. Muivah said that even 8 months later the NSCN has not got a formal reply. He would not say whether they have received one informally or what it was.

Asked repeatedly whether the talks are near breaking point, Mr. Muivah refused to give a clear answer but he did say that if the government refuses to accept the NSCN’s important demands or goes back on what it has earlier agreed to then they would be “compelled” to leave. But he would not say how much more time he was prepared to give the talks nor whether the NSCN would resume the insurgency and fighting if the talks collapse.

Mr. Muivah said that the NSCN still has patience although they have been talking for 23 years. Mr. Muivah repeatedly said, without giving details, that on many points an understanding or agreement had been reached earlier but now Mr. Ravi seems to be backing away.

In fact, Mr. Muivah, who began the interview criticising Jawaharlal Nehru for his intransigence and his refusal to accept that the Nagas have a unique history and identity, towards the end started to compare Narendra Modi to Nehru and suggested that his government is today similarly intransigent.

(The above is a paraphrased precis of Thuingaleng Muivah’s interview to Karan Thapar for The Wire. Although not inaccurate it’s recounted from memory)